ENGLISH (DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

                                 

Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) ialah kata-kata / kalimat yang di ucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

Indirect Speech (kalimat tak langsung) ialah kaimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-kata si pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) di gunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis :

I.   Statement (pernyataan)

II.  Command (perintah)

III. Question (pertanyaan)

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech.

1. to be & Auxuliary Verbs.

Direct	Indirect
Am / Is /Are	Was / Were
Shall / Will	Should / Would
Can	Could
May	Might
Must Have / has to Ought to	Had to

           

           

2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct	Indirect
Now	Then
Tomorrow	The following day
Next week	The following week
Tonight	That night
Today	That day
Yesterday	The day before
Last night	The night before
Last week	The week before / the previous week
Here	There
This	That
These	Those

3. Tenses dan contohnya

I. STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement, kita menggunakan kata that  (=bahwa) sebagai kata penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introductory phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam Indirect Statement adalah :

            He said

                He said to me                     that + Reported Words

                He told me

Direct	Indirect Speech
Sahid told his friend :”I have been to Bali twice.”	Sahid told his friends that she had been to Bali twice.
Father said:”I am going out of town tomorrow.”	Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
Yuri told John:”My father warned me last night.”	Yuri told john that her father had warned her the night before .
My sister said to me:”I don’t like tennis.”	My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
Nick said: “ I didn’t go to school this morning.”	Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang di laporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

Direct	Indirect
Jack says:”I will go to Depok tomorrow.”	Jack says that he will go to Depok tomorrow
Fajr says:”I have seen that film.”	Fajr says that he seen that film
Valen says:”I don’t like Japanese.”	Valen says that she doesn’t like Japanese

II. COMMAND

Command di bagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu :

1. Positive Command

2. Negative Command

1. Positive Command

                Dalam perintah positive kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang di laporkan. Kalimat-kalimat penagntar dalam jenis ini adalah :

                        He asked me

                                                            to + infinitive

He told me                                               

Direct	Indirect
He asked me:”Open your book.”	He asked me to open my book.
Jane told me:”Stop talking to Cleo.”	Jane told me to stop talking to Cleo.
Andry told Pinky:”Wait until I come.”	Andry told Pinky to wait until he comes.

2. Negative Command

            Dalam perintah negative kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

Direct	Indirect
Sasa told Miko:”Don’t wait for me.”	Sasa told Miko not to wait for her.
Ira asked Zidane:”Don’t come to my house again.”	Ira asked Zidane not to her house again.
I told him:”Don’t mention it to anyone.”	I told him not to mention it anyone.
Mother asked Risja:”Don’t go there alone.”	Mother asked Risja not to go there alone.

III. QUESTION

               

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata Tanya seperti : Where, When, Why, Who, How dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam Reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilontarkan berubah menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

            He asked me where                 + Positive form

                                  When etc.

Direct	Indirect
The man asked me:”Where do you live?”	The man asked me where I live
Richad asked Alivia:”Why do you angry with me?”	Richad asked Alivia why she angry with him.
Riski asked me:”How will you go there?”	He asked me how I would go there.
I asked him:”When did you back from your trip?”	I asked him when he had back from his trip.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata Tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata  If, whether (=jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

Direct	Indirect
The boy asked Sean:”Does Mary live near here?”	The boy asked Sean if Mary lived near there.
We asked them:”Will you go to the movie with us to night?”	We asked them whether thy would go to the movie with us that night.
Mother asked Romo:”Are you going to marry her?”	Mother asked Romeo if he was going to marry her.
Mrs. Szinta asked her:”Have you finished your homework?”	Mrs.Szinta asked her if she finished her homework.

Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE. (Jenis Gabungan)

                Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan di gabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as(=karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan, dalam kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut :

a. She asked me : “What is the time?” My watch has stopped.

B. She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

                                             

a. I asked her:”How long have you been studying English?” Your accent is very good

b. I asked her how long she had been studying English as her accent very good.

a. He told me:”I am off to the movie.” Where are you going?”

b. He told me that he was off to the ,ovie and asked me where I was going

            Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai kata penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.

a. He asked me:”Will you go out with me?” No, I won’t.

b. He asked me id I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t

a. She asked me:”Can you meet me tomorrow?”No.

b. She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.

a. Lina asked Jame:”Did you phone me last night?” Yes I did.

b. Lina asked Jame if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had

a. Father asked me : “Are you going to the movie to night?” Yes.

b. Father asked me if was going to the movie that night and I sad I was

Direct & Indirect with Auxuliaries

Perhatikan perubahan-peruabahan dari auxiliaries

Direct	Indirect
Was/were	Had been
Can	Could
May	Might
Must & have to	Had to
Must not	Wasn’t to/musn’t
Needn’t	Didn’t have to

Contohnya :

Direct	Indirect
Julie said:”I was sick yesterday.”	Julia said that she had been sick the day before.
The man asked me:”Can you speak English?”	The man asked me if I could speak English.
Jessie said to Fred:”You may come to my house tomorrow.”	Jessie told Fred that he might come to her house the following day.
The teacher told them:”You needn’t hurry.”	The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.